{"id":46939,"date":"2026-01-03T18:46:28","date_gmt":"2026-01-03T18:46:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?page_id=46939"},"modified":"2026-01-03T20:51:00","modified_gmt":"2026-01-03T20:51:00","slug":"water-chemistry-treatment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/water-chemistry-treatment\/","title":{"rendered":"Water Chemistry &amp; Treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Corrosion Control, Scale Prevention, and Chemical Stability in Marine Water Systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>System Group:<\/strong> Cooling &amp; Heat Transfer<br><strong>Primary Role:<\/strong> Preservation of metal integrity, heat transfer efficiency, and pressure boundary life<br><strong>Applies To:<\/strong> Boilers \u00b7 HT\/LT Cooling \u00b7 Central Cooling \u00b7 Auxiliary Systems \u00b7 Offshore &amp; Yacht Plants<br><strong>Interfaces:<\/strong> Heat Exchangers \u00b7 Boilers &amp; Steam Systems \u00b7 Fresh Water Generation \u00b7 Blowdown Systems<br><strong>Operational Criticality:<\/strong> Continuous<br><strong>Failure Consequence:<\/strong> Accelerated corrosion \u2192 scale formation \u2192 heat transfer collapse \u2192 tube failure \u2192 plant damage or shutdown<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Water chemistry is not a background maintenance task.<br>It is the <strong>silent determinant of how long machinery survives<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dieselship.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/water-treatment-fundamentals.gif\" alt=\"https:\/\/dieselship.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/water-treatment-fundamentals.gif\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marineinsight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/image124.gif\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.marineinsight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/02\/image124.gif\" style=\"width:525px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contents<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>System Purpose and Design Intent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why Water Becomes Aggressive in Marine Plants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Closed-Loop Water Systems and the Steam\u2013Condensate Cycle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chemical Control Philosophy and Responsibility<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Major Water Chemistry Parameters and Their Control<br>\u20035.1 pH Control<br>\u20035.2 Phosphate Control<br>\u20035.3 Oxygen Scavenging (Hydrazine \/ Alternatives)<br>\u20035.4 Chloride Control<br>\u20035.5 P &amp; M Alkalinity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Boiler Water Testing Architecture and Equipment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Step-by-Step Boiler Water Test Procedures (Operational Reality)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cooling Water Chemistry Beyond the Boiler<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Failure Development and Damage Progression<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Human Oversight, Sampling Discipline, and Engineering Judgement<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. System Purpose and Design Intent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Water in marine systems is <strong>never neutral<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once heated, pressurised, circulated, and exposed to metals, water becomes chemically aggressive. It dissolves gases, strips protective films, transports ions, and accelerates corrosion reactions that would otherwise take decades ashore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The purpose of water chemistry control is not to make water \u201csafe\u201d.<br>It is to <strong>slow inevitable damage to a manageable rate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Untreated or poorly treated water leads to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>oxygen corrosion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>caustic attack<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>scale deposition<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>under-deposit corrosion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tube overheating<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pressure boundary failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Water chemistry determines whether boilers and cooling systems last <strong>months, years, or decades<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Why Water Becomes Aggressive in Marine Plants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Marine water systems operate under extreme conditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>high temperature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cyclic pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>constant evaporation and concentration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>repeated contamination risk<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As water is converted to steam, <strong>impurities concentrate<\/strong>. As steam condenses, it scavenges oxygen and carbon dioxide from air leaks. As condensate returns, it carries that damage back into the boiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Water does not need to be dirty to be destructive.<br><strong>Pure water is often the most corrosive.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/382144829\/figure\/fig3\/AS%3A11431281290721802%401731732922520\/A-schematic-ofhigh-temperature-corrosion-mechanisms-on-boiler-tubes-by-ashdeposits.png\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/382144829\/figure\/fig3\/AS%3A11431281290721802%401731732922520\/A-schematic-ofhigh-temperature-corrosion-mechanisms-on-boiler-tubes-by-ashdeposits.png\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Closed-Loop Water Systems and the Steam\u2013Condensate Cycle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Boiler feed water is distilled water that has been <strong>chemically conditioned<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In operation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>water is heated into steam<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>steam performs work (turbines, heating, tracing)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>steam condenses in condensers or heaters<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>condensate collects in hotwells or cascade tanks<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>feed pumps return it to the boiler<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This loop appears closed \u2014 but it never truly is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Air ingress, makeup water, condenser leaks, and chemical reactions constantly alter water composition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/marineengineeringstudymaterial.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/48fca-thebasicsteamcycle.gif\" alt=\"https:\/\/marineengineeringstudymaterial.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/48fca-thebasicsteamcycle.gif\" style=\"width:433px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dieselship.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Picture-1.png\" alt=\"https:\/\/dieselship.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Picture-1.png\" style=\"width:527px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Chemical Control Philosophy and Responsibility<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Onboard water chemistry is often delegated to junior engineers \u2014 <strong>but responsibility is collective<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Testing is procedural. Interpretation is not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chemical dosing does not \u201cfix\u201d problems. It <strong>manages risk<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>inhibitors slow corrosion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>phosphates redirect hardness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>scavengers remove oxygen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>alkalinity buffers reactions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Overdosing is as dangerous as neglect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Major Water Chemistry Parameters and Their Control<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1 pH Control<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>pH defines whether water attacks metal or allows scale to form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Boiler water must be maintained <strong>alkaline<\/strong>, typically:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>9.5 \u2013 11.5 pH<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Low pH causes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>acidic corrosion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>metal thinning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rapid tube attack<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Excessively high pH causes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>caustic embrittlement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>foaming<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>carryover<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>pH control also determines whether other treatment chemicals function correctly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ghls.org\/ghlsv1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/pH-COntrol-doiagram-2.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.ghls.org\/ghlsv1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/pH-COntrol-doiagram-2.jpg\" style=\"width:254px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2 Phosphate Control<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Phosphate reacts with calcium hardness to form <strong>soft sludge<\/strong> instead of hard scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This sludge settles in low-flow areas and can be removed by bottom blowdown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Target phosphate range is typically:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>20 \u2013 50 ppm<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Too little phosphate allows scale to form.<br>Too much increases solids loading and foaming risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.poriyaan.in\/media\/imgPori\/images11\/Nf8c6I2.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.poriyaan.in\/media\/imgPori\/images11\/Nf8c6I2.jpg\" style=\"width:402px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.3 Oxygen Scavenging (Hydrazine and Alternatives)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dissolved oxygen is the <strong>primary driver of corrosion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydrazine reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen and water, removing oxygen before it can attack steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Typical target range:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>0.1 \u2013 0.2 ppm<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Excess scavenger is wasteful and hazardous.<br>Insufficient scavenger allows rapid pitting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern plants may use alternative oxygen scavengers, but the chemistry objective remains the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.powermag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/fig3-closeup-failed-tube-oxygen-pitting.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.powermag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/fig3-closeup-failed-tube-oxygen-pitting.jpg\" style=\"width:467px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hydrazinehydrate.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/image005.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/hydrazinehydrate.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/image005.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.4 Chloride Control<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Chlorides indicate <strong>seawater contamination<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They increase electrical conductivity, accelerating corrosion and promoting stress cracking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Typical maximum limit:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u2264 50 ppm<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>There is <strong>no chemical treatment<\/strong> to remove chlorides onboard.<br>The only correction is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>blowdown<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>replacement with low-chloride distilled feed water<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>identification of contamination source<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.prod.website-files.com\/5fb9275549490350fc1d5a49\/6050c5af43d52fd561c73fa9_VnFvBmd6p4i9Z4Fwxn0NPzwFobH3feAH7a_1bJeMXPmyfYdaE0_ZRUcOPRbu7BvOkbCuvT_xp_LLJB6HZnfKGWBZayFMttmxba7ELTtiQKWcP6CCdBeoY3oxFPdzsDHm4OWxV4AB.jpeg\" alt=\"https:\/\/cdn.prod.website-files.com\/5fb9275549490350fc1d5a49\/6050c5af43d52fd561c73fa9_VnFvBmd6p4i9Z4Fwxn0NPzwFobH3feAH7a_1bJeMXPmyfYdaE0_ZRUcOPRbu7BvOkbCuvT_xp_LLJB6HZnfKGWBZayFMttmxba7ELTtiQKWcP6CCdBeoY3oxFPdzsDHm4OWxV4AB.jpeg\" style=\"width:500px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5 P &amp; M Alkalinity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Alkalinity represents the water\u2019s ability to buffer acidic reactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>P Alkalinity<\/strong> relates to hydroxide and phosphate alkalinity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M Alkalinity<\/strong> represents total alkalinity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These values indicate whether the boiler environment supports:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>corrosion protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>controlled precipitation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chemical stability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Alkalinity that is too low allows corrosion.<br>Too high encourages foaming and carryover.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pacificboilers.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Boiler-Water-Carry-over.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.pacificboilers.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Boiler-Water-Carry-over.jpg\" style=\"width:650px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Boiler Water Testing Architecture and Equipment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Testing kits vary by supplier, but all follow the same principles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A typical marine boiler water test kit includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>calibrated sample beakers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>comparator vials<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reagent tablets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>indicator discs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>filters and crushers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The kit is not the control system \u2014 it is the <strong>diagnostic interface<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn4.volusion.store\/cuqgm-wsnrp\/v\/vspfiles\/photos\/CW-BWTK200-2.jpg?v-cache=1733218980\" alt=\"https:\/\/cdn4.volusion.store\/cuqgm-wsnrp\/v\/vspfiles\/photos\/CW-BWTK200-2.jpg?v-cache=1733218980\" style=\"width:326px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.enginemarineservices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/banc-epreuve-07.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.enginemarineservices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/banc-epreuve-07.jpg\" style=\"width:468px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Step-by-Step Boiler Water Test Procedures (Operational Reality)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">pH Test<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sample is treated with reagent and indicator strip to determine alkalinity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phosphate Test<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Comparator method identifies phosphate concentration after tablet dissolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hydrazine Test<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Colorimetric reaction indicates oxygen scavenger residual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chloride Test<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tablet titration reveals seawater contamination level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P &amp; M Alkalinity Test<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sequential indicator tablets determine buffering capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Procedures are simple. <strong>Trend interpretation is not<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A single result is meaningless without history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.lovibond.com\/ix_pim_assets\/Wasseranalytik\/Instruments\/Test_Kits\/Checkit_Comparator\/MB2\/checkitcomparator_mb2_02.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.lovibond.com\/ix_pim_assets\/Wasseranalytik\/Instruments\/Test_Kits\/Checkit_Comparator\/MB2\/checkitcomparator_mb2_02.jpg\" style=\"width:468px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn4.volusion.store\/cuqgm-wsnrp\/v\/vspfiles\/photos\/M8517-2.jpg?v-cache=1733218980\" alt=\"https:\/\/cdn4.volusion.store\/cuqgm-wsnrp\/v\/vspfiles\/photos\/M8517-2.jpg?v-cache=1733218980\" style=\"width:309px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Cooling Water Chemistry Beyond the Boiler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>HT\/LT cooling water requires:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nitrite or equivalent inhibitors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>controlled pH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>very low chloride levels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Nitrite levels are typically maintained between:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>700 \u2013 2400 ppm NO\u2082<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Cooling water chemistry failures often present as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>unexplained temperature rise<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>increased corrosion products<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>heat exchanger fouling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/asupply.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cooltreataltestkit.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/asupply.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cooltreataltestkit.jpg\" style=\"width:477px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemtreat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Figure-7.22.-Galvanic-corrosion.jpg.webp\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.chemtreat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Figure-7.22.-Galvanic-corrosion.jpg.webp\" style=\"width:588px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Failure Development and Damage Progression<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Water chemistry failures are <strong>slow, silent, and cumulative<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Typical progression:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Minor chemistry drift<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accelerated corrosion or scale formation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heat transfer loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Local overheating<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tube failure or leakage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Contamination cascade<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>By the time alarms activate, damage is already embedded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Human Oversight, Sampling Discipline, and Engineering Judgement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Automation cannot sample water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Engineers must:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>sample consistently<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>test accurately<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>log trends<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>interpret deviations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>act conservatively<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Skipping tests does not save time \u2014 it <strong>borrows failure from the future<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Corrosion Control, Scale Prevention, and Chemical Stability in Marine Water Systems System Group: Cooling &amp; Heat TransferPrimary Role: Preservation of metal integrity, heat transfer efficiency, and pressure boundary lifeApplies To: Boilers \u00b7 HT\/LT Cooling \u00b7 Central Cooling \u00b7 Auxiliary Systems \u00b7 Offshore &amp; Yacht PlantsInterfaces: Heat Exchangers \u00b7 Boilers &amp; Steam Systems \u00b7 Fresh Water [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":199,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","c2c-post-author-ip":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[43,10,7,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46939","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aux-machinery","category-bridge","category-engine-room","category-mechanical"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46939","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/199"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=46939"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46939\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46940,"href":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46939\/revisions\/46940"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=46939"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=46939"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maritimehub.co.uk\/?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=46939"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}